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Benzoic acid is a scaly or needle-like crystal, has the odor of benzene or formaldehyde, and is flammable. The relative density is 1.2659. The melting point is 122.4 °C, the boiling point is 249 °C, and the refractive index is 1.504. Vapors are volatile. Flash point (closed cup) 121-123 °C. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, methanol, ether, chloroform, benzene, toluene, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride and turpentine. It sublimates rapidly at 100°C and can volatilize at the same time with water vapor. Benzoic acid is often widely found in nature in the form of free acids, esters, or their derivatives. For example, it is found in the form of free acids and benzyl esters within benzoin gum, in free form in the leaves and stem bark of some plants, in the form of methyl ester or benzyl ester in fragrances, and in horse urine in the form of its derivative hippuric acid.